Methods Of Recovering Energy From Waste An Environmental Sciences Essay Example

Methods Of Recovering Energy From Waste An Environmental Sciences Essay Biomass ( waste ) energy is progressively pulling attending worldwide because it is a renewable beginning of energy and potentially CO2 impersonal. At present, most waste stuffs are converted into electricity frequently by burning. Waste burning is widely applied for territory warming and combined heat and power for electricity coevals. This study describes waste, waste decrease and intervention ordinances in Europe every bit good as different types of waste generated, an overview of waste to energy engineerings applied throughout the universe today. Energy from waste has been evaluated based on their ability to cut down the emanation of pollutant into the ambiance. In order to extenuate clime alteration which is deriving increasing consciousness, recent developments of different engineerings that have been able to treat waste to bring forth heat and power with high efficiencies can be considered to be the most feasible option to replace fossil fuels. 2 Introduction Due to the lifting cost and the ecological disadvantages of fossil fuels, there as been concerns about the hereafter of energy supply in the universe. Harmonizing to the World Energy Council, dodo fuel covers about 82 % of the universe s energy. And this has caused terrible amendss for the environment in footings of nursery emanations, sea degree rise, air pollution, etc. Furthermore, as the World continues to see globalisation, rapid industrialisation and technological promotion, it will surely acquire to a point, where supply of these fossil fuels will non run into demand. Therefore, it is imperative to happen an alternate beginning of energy ( Soetaert and Vandamme, 2006 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Methods Of Recovering Energy From Waste An Environmental Sciences specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Methods Of Recovering Energy From Waste An Environmental Sciences specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Methods Of Recovering Energy From Waste An Environmental Sciences specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Research and development of renewable beginnings of energy and energy from biomass is expected to be of huge benefit to the society as it reduces the concentration of C dioxide in the ambiance and it is non exhaustible. Biomass is a major beginning of biologically derived bio fuels ( bio-ethanol ) and biogas. This is well going a world in energy/electricity coevals. Biomass can be burnt straight to bring forth heat or electricity, or it can be converted into solid, liquid or gaseous fuel through agitation procedure into intoxicant and anaerobiotic digestion into biogas. There are many environmental and societal benefits associated with biomass energy. These include decrease in CO2 degrees, energy bearers to rural communities, waste control, etc. ( Calbe, Bajay, Rothman and Harry, 2000 ) . Biomass natural stuffs for energy coevals includes the first coevals feedstocks i.e. energy harvests ( maize, sugar cane, wheat, etc ) and the 2nd coevals feedstock chiefly lignocellulosic stuffs ( wood and agricultural residues ) . Hence, utilizing biomass as a replacement for fossil fuels is sustainable and good. However, there have been contentions on the usage of human nutrient ( energy harvest ) for energy coevals particularly in developing states where there is deficit of nutrient. Hoffert et Al. ( 2002 ) , Dismiss the usage of biomass for energy, others take the opposite position ( Dewulf and Langenhove 2006 ) . To this consequence, energy recovery from waste can be an economical feasible option. 3 Wastes 3.1 Definition Waste arises as a consequence of human technological development and societal activities. The Uk s Environmental Protection Act 1990 indicated waste includes any substance which constitutes a scrap stuff, an wastewater or other unwanted excess originating from the application of any procedure or any substance or article which requires to be disposed of which as been broken, worn out, contaminated or otherwise spoiled, this is supplemented with anything which is discarded otherwise dealt with as if it were waste shall be presumed to be waste unless the reverse is proved. Murphy et Al. ( 2002 ) defined waste as a stuff with no farther beneficial usage. The figure below shows the Conventional illustration of the EU Legal definition of waste 3.2 EU WASTE FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE The Directive requires all Member States to take the necessary steps to guarantee that waste is recovered or disposed of without jeopardizing human wellness or doing injury to the environment and includes permitting, enrollment and review demands. The Directive besides requires Member States to take appropriate steps to promote foremost, the bar or decrease of waste production and its injuriousness and secondly the recovery of waste by agencies of recycling, re-use or renewal or any other procedure with a position to pull outing secondary natural stuffs, or the usage of waste as a beginning of energy ( Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, 2009 ) . 3.3 UK WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICY The UK Waste Policy is developed from the thought of sustainable development. This policy promote recreation from landfills by enforcing high revenue enhancement levies on landfill site, cut down the sum of waste produced by the commercial sector, and finally promote re-use and recycling of stuffs. 3.4 WASTE HIERARCHY Figure 3.1 Waste hierarchy 3.5 TYPES OF WASTE Municipal Solid Waste Hazardous/Radioactive Waste Sewage Sludge Medical/Clinical Waste Agricultural Waste Industrial and Commercial Waste Other Waste e.g. building and destruction industry waste, mines and quarry waste and power station ash, Fe and steel scorias ( Williams, 1999 ) . There are besides two different sorts of component fraction in a waste watercourse ; The Organic fraction i.e. Biodegradable and the Inorganic fraction. 3.5.1Municipal Solid Waste This is composed of/includes chiefly household waste, with commercial and trade waste which is collected or disposed of by a municipality within an country. The composing of MSW watercourse varies, depending upon socio-economic factors, geographical locations, clime, population denseness and degree of industrialisation etc. for illustration in US and other industrialised states where value is placed on clip, consumers have adapted to the outlook of utilizing disposable at all times, thereby driving packaging and wrapping engineerings to a new degree, in add-on with the decayable waste from nutrient materials. The energy fraction contained in stuffs of this type of waste watercourse can be between 75 to 90 % . Whereas in less developed states where the waste watercourse is composed dominantly of decayable fraction i.e. groceries, veggie and organic stuffs with infinitesimal packaging stuffs, the energy content will be much lower ( Murphy, 2002 ) . Topographic point Sum OF MSW Kumasi, Ghana 365000 metric tons in 2006 China 180 million metric tons expected for 2010 United kingdom 34 million metric tons in 2007/2008 USA 190 million metric tons in 2009 Australia 43.8 million metric tons in 2006/2007 Ontario 267000 metric tons in 2007 Table 3.1 Average sum of MSW generated in different portion of the universe Data from Thermal Processing of Waste, J C Jones 2010 Fig 3.2 Municipal solid waste disposal tracts in US Data from US EIA 2010 3.5.2 Hazardous Waste Hazardous Waste is waste which contains substances that are considered to be unsafe to wellness and society. This includes substances which are reactive, infective, harmful, toxic and caustic etc. illustrations are chemicals such as, H nitrile, sulfuric acid, hydrofluoric acid etc. explosives such as dynamite, ammo etc. H2O reactive chemicals such as K, phosphoric, sodium hydride etc. In USA, estimate arisings of jeopardy waste is 275 million metric tons, UK 4.5 million metric tons, Germany 6 million metric tons, Spain 1.7 million metric tons ( Williams, 1999 ) . 3.5.3 SEWAGE SLUDGE Sewage Sludge is normally generated at the waste H2O intervention installation. It is a byproduct of the intervention of natural sewerage from domestic families, which may besides include commercial and industrial waste. The sewerage is composed chiefly of H2O, but after intervention, the wet stuff is concentrated to organize sewerage sludge ( Williams, 1999 ) . They are solid, semi-solid or bio solid in nature. Harper-Collins Dictionary of Environmental Science defines Sewage Sludge as a semi-solid mixture of bacteriums, virus-laden organic affair, toxic metals, man-made organic chemicals, and settled solids removed from domestic and industrial waste at sewerage intervention workss. ( Renewable Energy Institute ) The sewerage sludge intervention undergoes both aerophilic and anaerobiotic digestion and the concluding treated sewerage sludge is either land filled, spread on land as fertilisers or incinerated. Recent developments have shown that biogas can be produced during anaerobi otic digestion. 3.5.4 CLINICAL WASTE Clinical Waste is chiefly produced/waste originating from wellness Centres, infirmaries and nursing places etc. Examples include drugs, panpipes, acerate leafs, blood, human or carnal tissue etc. Approximately 0.3 1000000s metric tons of clinical waste arises in the UK yearly. Majority of clinical waste are incinerated ( Williams, 1999 ) . 3.5.5 AGRICULTURAL WASTE Agricultural waste is godforsaken watercourses by and large produced from agricultural activities. They are produced within agricultural premises and they include organic stuffs such as slurry, manure from farm animal, silage wastewater and harvest residues. It is estimated that about 700 million metric tons of agricultural waste is produced in OECD states. UK besides produces big tunnage, 80 million metric tons estimated from housed farm animal entirely ( Williams 1999 ) . 3.5.6 INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL WASTE These are types of waste watercourse that arises from both industrial and commercial sectors such as hotels and catering, nutrient, drink and baccy fabrication industries, metal fabrication industries, lumber and wooden furniture industries, mechanical and electrical industries, conveyance and communicating industries etc. The typical composing of this waste streams differs and really broad. A study carried out by Environmental Agency of some 4,500 commercial and industrial concerns in England in 2002/2003 showed that commercial waste amounted to 30 million metric tons and industrial waste 38 million metric tons ( meitnerium ) . In that study, the chief sectors bring forthing C A ; I wastes were retail ( 12.7mt ) , nutrient, drink and baccy ( 7.2mt ) , professional services and other ( 7.1mt ) , public-service corporations ( 6.2mt ) , the chemicals industries ( including fiber, gum elastic and plastics ) ( 5.3mt ) , basic metal industry ( 4.8mt ) and hotels/catering ( 3.4mt ) ( Defra, commercial and industrial waste in England, 2009 ) . 4 ENERGY RECOVERIES FROM WASTE TECHNOLOGIES Energy is recovered from waste either through thermic burning or biological/chemical reactions. The energy recovery procedure produces electricity straight through burning, or produces man-made and combustible fuel i.e. methane. 4.1 Incineration Incineration with energy recovery is the controlled burning of waste and it is the most broad spread waste to energy execution. It involves the burning of waste watercourses at high temperatures and the heat produced can be used to drive a turbine in order to bring forth electricity and territory warming. Waste stuffs or fuel are fed into incinerators in two ways, the mass fired/burning systems and decline derived fuel ( RDF ) fired systems. The mass firing involves minimum processing ; the full assorted municipal solid waste is fed into a furnace without any removal/separation of reclaimable and non combustible stuffs. For RDF fired engineerings, MSW undergoes pre-treatment, separation of non-combustible and reclaimable stuff which is known as RDF. RDF fired systems has a higher energy content compared to unrefined MSW because of its homogeneousness ( Tchobanoglous, Thiesen and Vigil, 1993 ) . There are assorted types of incinerator works design: moving grating, fixed grating, rotary-kiln, and fluidized bed incinerator. 4.1.1 Traveling Grate This can besides be called Municipal Solid Waste incinerators. The traveling grating enables the motion of waste by a waste Crane at one terminal of the grating through the burning chamber to the ash cavity at the lower terminal. The burning air is supplied through the grating prevarication below. Cooling of the grating itself is indispensable for the mechanical strength of the grating. One individual traveling grate boiler can manage 35 metric metric tons of waste per hr, and 8,000 hours per twelvemonth. 4.1.2 Fixed Grate This is a simpler type of incinerator. It is made of a brick lined compartment with a fixed metal grating above the lower ash cavity, with one gap for burden and another gap in the side for taking noncombustible solids known as cinders. 4.1.3 Rotary kiln It is largely used by municipalities and big industrial workss. Rotary kiln incinerators have 2 Chamberss, primary and secondary chamber. In the primary chamber, motion and transition of solid fraction of the waste to gases and partial burning occurs while the secondary chamber completes the gas stage burning reactions. 4.1.4 Fluidized Bed Fluidized Bed Combustion ( FBC ) is a burning engineering used in power workss. FBC developed from attempts to happen a burning procedure that is able to command pollutant emanations. Advanced fluidized bed burning offers a feasible power coevals technique. In fluidized bed burning, a strong air flow is forced through a sand bed, which keeps the waste suspended on wired air currents and takes on fluid like character. Due to the turbulent commixture, the waste and sand are to the full circulated through the furnace. 4.2 BALDOVIE WASTE TO ENERGY PLANT The Baldovie waste to energy works is a province of the art installation commissioned in Dundee in 1999, to replace a waste disposal incinerator due to its inability to run into EU demands on emanations. The works is run by a joint venture between Dundee metropolis council and private sector spouses. The joint venture is jointly called Dundee energy recycling limited ( DERL ) . The works processes 120,000 metric tons of waste yearly and generates electricity to run into its ain demand ( about 2.2MW ) and besides supply to the populace ( about 8.8MW ) . Separation techniques carried out before burning removes and recovers ferric metals which can be resold ( Gazetteer for Scotland, 2010 ) . 4.3 LANDFILL GAS CAPTURE Landfill is a waste disposal site where waste is deposited onto or into the land. When waste is deposited, it undergoes assorted debasement procedure which produces gas chiefly methane. Modern landfills have gas recovery systems, where the landfill gas is extracted and can be used for production of steam, heat and electricity ( Dewulf and Langenhove 2006, p.248 ) 4.4 ANAEROBIC DIGESTION Anaerobic intervention engineerings are used throughout the universe for effectual intervention of organic waste. This engineering is peculiarly attractive because the energy required for runing the procedure is minimum compared to energy required for aerophilic procedure. Anaerobic digestion is a complex biogenic procedure which involves the microbic debasement or transition of organic waste in a closed reactor vas ( absence of air ) to bring forth gas chiefly methane ( 55-65 % ) , CO2 ( 35-45 % ) , and hint sums of N2, H2 and H2S, depending on factors such as the composing of waste, organic burdens applied to the digester, clip and temperature. The methane-rich biogas which can be combusted to bring forth heat and electricity In general anaerobiotic digestion is considered to happen in three phases: A ] Liquefaction or polymer dislocation ; B ] Acid formation ; and C } Methane formation Substrates for anaerobiotic digestion includes waste H2O from nutrient processing, breweries, distilleries etc. sewerage sludge, carnal waste, farm residues. 4.5 GASIFICATION AND PYROLYSIS Gasification is defined as a partial oxidation/combustion of biomass and assorted combustible waste/carbonaceous fuels to bring forth gas. This gas can be used in internal burning engines and gas turbines to bring forth electric power. Pyrolysis is a thermic procedure which involves the dislocation of organic stuffs in waste under force per unit area in the absence of O. The pyrolysis procedure produces a liquid residue and gas which can be combusted to bring forth electricity. The chief difference between the two systems is that, pyrolysis system use an external beginning of heat to drive the endothermal pyrolysis reaction in an O free environment, whereas gasification systems are self-sustainable and utilize air or O for partial burning of solid province ( Tchobanoglous, Thiesen and vigil 1993 ) . 5 Decision Energy from waste has been evaluated based on their ability to cut down the emanation of pollutant into the ambiance, minimise waste, and generate heat and power. With the recent development of different engineerings that have been able to treat waste to bring forth energy with high efficiencies, waste to energy engineerings can be considered to be feasible substitute/option for fossil fuels for electricity coevals and besides in minimizing of waste accretion.

Sample Essay on Dependent and Independent Variables

Sample Essay on Dependent and Independent VariablesIf you're going to write a sample essay on dependent and independent variables, you should do so in MS Word because that is the best document you will ever work with. There are some other programs that may not be as easy to work with, but if you use Microsoft Word you'll find that there are few things more enjoyable than working with MS Word.When you're writing a dependent variables sample essay you will need to find the right format for your file. For instance, if you're just going to use the file on the Internet, you might want to look for text files. But if you're going to use it in your personal files, you might want to use PDF. The reason for this is because PDF is used for a variety of purposes, including writing files and software.The main reason to use PDF for your dependent variables sample essay is because it will take up less space than Word and other word processing programs. So you will be able to save up a lot of your t ime and keep from having to keep replacing your word processor each time you update it. Also, PDF allows you to use symbols like bullets and arrows. These will help you to keep your document legible as well as to be able to quickly navigate through the document.You'll also be able to work easier with Word and other programs, when you can open a text file with PDF formatting. This will make it easier for you to view your document as well as to insert text into it. This will make your file easier to read and easier to navigate as well.When you are writing a dependent variables sample essay you need to keep in mind that you might need to update the file more often than you would with other programs. Therefore, you will need to use the correct formatting so that your information stays intact and easy to read. Writing a dependent variables sample essay in MS Word is easy because the file is formatted correctly. It is also easy to add extra paragraphs or links to the file. Therefore, you will not need to look at a document that has the formatting all messed up.Using a PDF for your dependent variables sample essay can be great for students who need it and can still maintain control over how their information is presented. This will allow them to complete their assignment with ease and will save them lots of time.

Spaying and Neutering

Spaying and Neutering Spaying and Neutering Spaying and Neutering By Maeve Maddox A local public service announcement invites listeners to telephone for further information â€Å"about spay and neutering.† A Web search finds numerous examples of the verb spay joined with the participle form: This vet clinic in SW Portland offers low-cost spay and neutering for cats and dogs. Pet Spay and Neutering Program–Just Fix It [USDA] provides a list of programs in each state that provides low cost or free spay and neutering services for cats. Several institutions and organizations offer help for pet spay and neutering or low-cost service.   The present participle of the verb spay is spaying. The examples should read â€Å"spaying and neutering†: This vet clinic in SW Portland offers low-cost spaying and neutering for cats and dogs. Pet Spaying and Neutering Program–Just Fix It [USDA] provides a list of programs in each state that provides low cost or free spaying and neutering services for cats. Several institutions and organizations offer help for pet spaying and neutering or low-cost service.   An easy way to avoid misusing the word spay in announcements of this kind would be to use only the word neuter. Unlike spay, which refers to the removal of an animal’s ovaries, the word neuter can mean either â€Å"to castrate† or â€Å"to spay.†    The past and present participle forms of the verb spay are frequently mispronounced and misspelled: Incorrect: I got my cat spaded and she got [a] hernia from the stitches. Correct : I got my cat spayed and she got [a] hernia from the stitches. Incorrect: I am contemplating  spading  and declawing my kitten when she turns 6 months old.   Correct : I am contemplating  spaying and declawing my kitten when she turns 6 months old. The past tense forms of both verbs–neuter and spay–end in -ed: neutered and spayed. The words are pronounced [nyoo-terd] or [noo-terd]) and [spayd]. Speakers who mispronounce and misspell the word spayed as spaded are perhaps confused by the existence of the word spade [spayd], which functions as both noun and verb. The verb spade (to dig) has a past form in -ed: If you did not plow or  spade the  garden site in the fall, turn the  soil  in spring as soon as it is dry enough to work. The Alcotts thrived as Bronson  spaded the  earth for his acre of garden. An interesting etymological fact is that both words–spay and spade–derive from spatha, the Latin word for a broad-bladed sword. The verb spay entered English from French espeier, â€Å"to cut with a sword.† Its earliest meaning in English was â€Å"to kill a deer with a sword,† as in these directions in a 1425 hunting manual: â€Å"spay him [the deer] even behind the shoulder forward to the heart.† The same manual also uses spay to mean removing the ovaries of an animal. The word spay got its name from the cutting aspect of a sword, whereas the word spade got its name from a sword’s tapered shape. It may help to keep the words spay and spade apart by remembering that animals are spayed with delicate medical instruments having no resemblance to broad garden implements. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Words for Facial ExpressionsHomonyms, Homophones, Homographs and HeteronymsPractice or Practise? Spaying and Neutering Spaying and Neutering Free Online Research Papers Rarely does one nod ones head in approval at the thought of surgically removing dogs or cats testicles. Removing the ovaries and uterus remains similarly unheralded except for when we clarify that we mean to chip away at the sexual organs of animals all for the sake of the expensive oriental rug that runs across the living room floor as luxuriously as a furry Fido or a purring Princess. Indeed in the back of our neighbors judgmental minds lurks the suspicion that we pet owners aim to spay our female animals or neuter our male creatures because of selfish human reasons. After all, not only may a female dog in heat ruin a rug, but also an intact dog is reportedly a threat to small children in the house. Granted, sparing one’s children is hardly deemed a selfish human desire, yet we still dismiss the fact that â€Å"the age of three is prime time for an intact male dog to be involved with a terrible tragedy, such as †¦ killing children† when we admit that â€Å"obviously, not all intact male dogs are aggressive child-killers† (Davis). In a fit of projection, we humans tend to personalize the medical matter of spaying and neutering, as if our own reproductive organs – let alone sex life and hunting skills – were on the line. But research shows that expert after expert believes that it is for the sake of the animal that we allow and perform these surgical procedures. Indeed, keeping an animal intact may be more selfish, for people who want to breed dogs or cats for show are typically those who oppose state-mandated neutering programs, which – together with educational programs- have been responsible for the fact that about 75 percent of d ogs and cats have been neutered or spayed (Woolf). With mostly competitive breeders and other extremists policing the privates of animals to keep them intact, a second look at the more humane reasons for these surgical procedures is certainly warranted. As the research shows, spaying and neutering are the single most effective methods of not only easing the strain on overpopulated shelters, but also for keeping cats and dogs healthy and safe. Overpopulation of cats and dogs lead to a burden on society. Animals reproduce at extremely high rates and may give birth to a large litter of newborns. Research Papers on Spaying and NeuteringGenetic EngineeringInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XThe Spring and AutumnHip-Hop is ArtPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenCapital PunishmentResearch Process Part OneThe Effects of Illegal Immigration

The Extended Marketing Mix Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Extended Marketing Mix - Assignment Example In order for customers to recognize your product, it is required to differentiate your product to highlight it in the eyes of the customer. Differentiation can be done on any basis; depending on what is more highly rated in your potential customer. The company on since it started working in 1981 has been focused on providing the best quality for their product. Crosland employed the method of carefully manufacturing various electronic goods such as amplifiers, tuners, record disks, cassette players etc and imported speakers from a relatively smaller shop and branded them with their own name. Since it relied on quality and produced specialized electronic equipment; they differentiated their product on this basis only. They provided quality services to their customer; the price was not their competitive factor. Distribution patterns are considered extremely important in marketing because no matter how beautiful and penetrating the marketing activities are, if the product is not available to the consumers when they ask for it, they will probably move to another product and start using it. Many products have failed due to the failure of the company to address the problem of proper and timely distribution of the product in the areas where there is extensive demand. The company under consideration was not paying enough attention to the changing marketing tastes and the ever changing consumer tastes and therefore, has started suffering in profits. The company had attained their advantage by providing quality products. However, because the world is becoming fast paced and the changes that are usually taking place in the minds of the consumers have dented the demand for their products. People are asking for more innovative products which are being provided to them by other competitive companies w hich have employed just in time production methods so that they stay in complete cohesion with the demand for their different products. The methods of the competitors have made them the market leader. Therefore in order to get their strategic advantage back, they need to employ such distribution methods that the consumers get timely availability of the product as and when they demand it. The improvement in their distribution channel should be done so that they can increase their customer base by increasing the customer satisfaction and convenience. They should improve their inventory management by increasing the introducing the just in time methods of inventory management; this method leads to quality improvement. Customers get better product in time and eventually they will be attracted to use the company's products due to timely availability and quality. As the company is already competing based on their quality, a little improvement in distribution patterns might help them in inc reasing the quality of their products and services to a much greater extent. Another strategy that they are using is exclusive distribution which in a way hinders the availability of product in all the markets (Elizabeth, 1996). Therefore, this reduces the probability that the customer will come to but the product to the specific shop if considering the current situation when the competitors are providing with better products. 3. Pricing Strategies Price is one to the most important and the basic variable that marketing managers

Teacher Tenure in California Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Teacher Tenure in California - Research Paper Example he teachers become eligible for the tenure they gain security towards their position and can only be dismissed if the school authority is able to put forward a just cause. The state law even proposed that the tenured teachers may be dismissed if they are giving unsatisfactory performance (Jederberg 43). However, as per the policy if the performance of students is low in the state it is not considered to be a condition for dismissal of teachers which in turn has resulted into more number of students exhibiting low performance. The dismissal conditions as highlighted by the court decision states that the school authority needs to give a prior notice to the employee before initiating any form of proceedings regarding dismissal due to unsatisfactory performance of a teacher. The teacher tenure policy majorly focused towards the well being of students and to retain those teachers who performed well and discard those who are not able to meet the standards of the school policy. The ones who supported the policy stated that the policy majorly aimed towards development and growth of students so that they are able to perform well in their career path. The other end of this provision was that it provided the flexibility to the school authority to focus more on performing teachers and reduce the cost by eliminating those teachers who did not perform well. The notice that would be given to the teachers before the dismissal must also include some of the behavioral instances that need to be communicated three months prior to filing charges. The major purpose of the policy was not to hide the underperforming teachers behind the tenure and to facilitate more of academic achievement of the students. There are almost 6 million students who are enrolled in the public s chools of California and thus the law was to support these students so that they are provided with an appropriate guidance. The tenure is always a security provision for teachers but this policy was aligned more towards

Political philosophy Essay Example for Free

Political philosophy Essay 1)How does an agent reason about Lock’s options in a single-play dilemma? In the state of nature, there are four preferences. The first preference is to attack and not be attacked. The second preference is to not attack and not be attacked. The third preference is to Attack and be attacked. The fourth preference is to not attack and be attacked. 2)Was Bramhall justified in calling Hobbes’ Leviathan a â€Å"rebel’s catechism†? Yes. According to Bramhall, if everyone where to decide when to obey the sovereign and when to disobey the sovereign, then we would let ourselves be ruled over at our own pleasure. If at anytime we felt it was inconvenient to be ruled over because we felt threatened, then there is no stability, and thus we have a rebel catechism, or a doctrine and reason for us to rebel due to Hobbes rebellion cause of being able to succeed when threatened. 3)Why would agents in a Lockean state of nature want to leave it for a civil society? 4)What does Locke’s law of nature require of rational beings? Locke’s law of nature requires that you a being must preserve yourself at all costs and at all times. 5)How des Locke differ from Hobbes on the question of whether there is property in the state of nature There is no property in the state of nature in Hobbes, it is just man vrs man. For Locke, you can have a property in the state of nature, which is from the labor of your hands. Locke has two conditions which is you must leave as much and as good for others and you must not take more of God’s creations than you need. 6)What is the â€Å"paradox of being governed† and does Locke’s theory suffer from it? The paradox of being governed is how can a group of people being unruly, promote a person to rule them, if that person was original from that group of unruly people. Another point is how the people can be ruled by a ruler if they themselves appoint a ruler. Are you truly being ruled if you can hire an fire a person who is ruling you. Locke does not suffer form this relationship. 7)How does the agent reason about his options in a coordination game? A coordination game is a scenario in which society wins rather people win individual. Driving on the right side of the road is an example. 8)What is Hampton’s notions of a governing convention and how does such a convention come about? The governing convention comes about when you solve the coordination game. It comes of War and Majority vote and maintains unless it is undermined by the majority rule. It comes about when people come together. 9)In Hampton’s theory, what is the difference between convention consent and endorsement consent? Convention consent is I support Obama, he doesn’t win, but I still approve of the government Endorsement consent is I support John McCain, he wins, and I continue to support him. 10) What is Hampton’s Stratification solution to the paradox of being governed?

Examining Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) in Professional Boxers

The competitive nature of professional boxing plays an integral role in the longevity of the sport throughout earlier civilization to the modern-day era. The pivotal key in the success of boxing is the unpredictability of what each match entails, which often triggers excitement to highly devoted fans. Nonetheless, there are serious hazards associated with professional boxing (e.g., brain atrophy, and neurological and cognitive impairments). As a matter of fact, most fatalities in the ring are usually due to brain injuries such as brain hemorrhage, subdural hematoma, and brain contusions (Ryan, 1998). In hopes to witness a huge decline in head-injuries, several medical societies have consistently urged the banning of this sport. In this analysis, I will 1) examine the potential dangers of professional boxing; 2) explore the etiology, and the prevalence of CTE in professional boxers and lastly, 3) conduct a comprehensive analysis of two opposing views regarding professional boxing (i. e., to ban, or not to ban?); One of the most serious public health concerns in modern-day boxing is the development of a progressive disease known as the Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) (aka â€Å"dementia pugilistica† or â€Å"the punch-drunk effect.†). It has been estimated that CTE occurs in 20% of professional boxers (Zetterberg et al, 2006). The theory behind the frequent occurrence of CTE in professional boxers is due to the accumulated effects of multiple head trauma to the brain (e.g., mild-concussions) which may lead to permanent and irreversible brain damage. It has been known that those professional boxers with more extensive history of boxing matches are more likely to experience severe CTE. Casson et al., (1982) examined ten professional ... ...ts of Boxing. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Levin, H.S., Eisenberg, H.M., Benton, A.L. (1989). Mild Head Injury. Oxford University Press Matthew R. Potter, Ashley J. Snyder, Gary A. Smith, Boxing Injuries Presenting to U.S. Emergency Departments, 1990–2008, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 40, Issue 4, April 2011, Pages 462-467, ISSN 0749-3797, 10.1016/j.amepre.2010.12.018.(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749379711000341) McKee, A.C., Cantu, R.C.,Nowinski, C.J., Hedley-Whyte, T., Gavett, B.E., Budson, A.E., Santini, V.E., Lee, H.S., Kubilus, C.A., Stern, R.A. Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Athletes: Progressive Tauopathy After Repetitive Head Injury. 2009. Boston, MA: Neuropathology Neurol. Roberts, G.W., Allsop, D., Bruton, C. The occult aftermath of boxing. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1990 May; 53(5): 373–378.